See abstain on Wiktionary
{
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"word": "abstainable"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"4": "",
"5": "to hold oneself back"
},
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"form": "abstain",
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{
"form": "abstain",
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{
"form": "abstained",
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{
"form": "abstain",
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{
"form": "-",
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"past"
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},
{
"form": "abstaining",
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"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "abstemious"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "abstinence"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
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"date": "Attested from around 1350 to 1470 until the mid 16ᵗʰ century.",
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"glosses": [
"Keep or withhold oneself."
],
"id": "en-abstain-en-verb-~BhSwj1w",
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"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary"
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],
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"(transitive, reflexive, obsolete) Keep or withhold oneself."
],
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47,
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12
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"ref": "1597, Shakespeare, Richard II, II-i:",
"text": "Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "22 May 1948, United Nations, Security Council Resolution 49",
"text": "The Security Council […] calls upon all Governments and authorities, without prejudice to the rights, claims or positions of the parties concerned, to abstain from any hostile military action in Palestine and to that end to issue a cease-fire order to their military and paramilitary forces"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence."
],
"id": "en-abstain-en-verb-hdNabmsR",
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"(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence."
],
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"ref": "1913, Marie Adelaide Belloc Lowndes, The Lodger:",
"text": "… she had made Bunting abstain very early in their acquaintance. … Glad she was now that he had taken the pledge as a younger man; but for that nothing would have kept him from the drink during the bad times they had gone through.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.",
"To refrain from drinking alcohol."
],
"id": "en-abstain-en-verb-pwoUyaup",
"links": [
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"(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.",
"To refrain from drinking alcohol."
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Fast (not eat for a period)."
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"id": "en-abstain-en-verb-HHG1ysyC",
"links": [
[
"Fast",
"fast"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, obsolete) Fast (not eat for a period)."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"attestations": [
{
"date": "First attested around 1350 to 1470.",
"references": []
}
],
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[
2,
9
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],
"text": "I abstain from this vote, as I have no particular preference.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
48,
55
]
],
"ref": "1913, Thomas Babington Macaulay, A Short History of English Liberalism:",
"text": "[…]forcing a small portion of the population to abstain from voting",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
],
"id": "en-abstain-en-verb-2kKrCYmm",
"links": [
[
"vote",
"vote"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"attestations": [
{
"date": "Attested from the early 16ᵗʰ century until the mid 17ᵗʰ century.",
"references": []
}
],
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{
"_dis": "18 4 6 26 17 29",
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
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],
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11,
18
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],
"ref": "1645, John Milton, Tetrachordon: Expositions on the four chief places in Scripture:",
"text": "Whether he abstain men from marying [sic].",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hinder; keep back; withhold."
],
"id": "en-abstain-en-verb-w0EL8boQ",
"links": [
[
"Hinder",
"hinder"
],
[
"withhold",
"withhold"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, obsolete) Hinder; keep back; withhold."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "forhindre"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "verhinderen"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "estää"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West-Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "keare"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West-Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "behinderje"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West-Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "ferhinderje"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "abhalten"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Māori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "tāwhi"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Māori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "tātāwhi"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "forhindre"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "impedir"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "abstener"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 3 3 0 3 62",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "hindra"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əbˈsteɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əbˈsteɪn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/æbˈsteɪn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abstain.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪn"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "abjure"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "deny oneself"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "forbear"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "forgo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "give up"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "refrain"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "relinquish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "withhold"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "imtanaʕa",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "اِمْتَنَعَ"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "bni",
"lang": "Bangi",
"lang_code": "bni",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "kila"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "văzdăržam se",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "въздържам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstenir-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "bìmiǎn",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "避免"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "jièchú",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "戒除"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "qìquán",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "棄權 /弃权"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "zdržet se"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "afholde sig"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "afstå"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "nl",
"english": "van",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"translation": "van",
"word": "zich onthouden"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstineren"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstini"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "kieltäytyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "pidättäytyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "s'abstenir"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "verzichten"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"lang_code": "got",
"roman": "gaþarban",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "hitnazér",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "התנזר"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "nimná",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "נמנע"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "tartózkodik"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "(meg)tartóztatja magát"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"lang_code": "io",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstenar"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "astenersi"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "tsutsushimu",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "慎む"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "sashihikaeru",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "差し控える"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstineo"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "ln",
"lang": "Lingala",
"lang_code": "ln",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "kila"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Māori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "papare"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Māori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "pare"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "mi",
"english": "refers to food and drink",
"lang": "Māori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"translation": "refers to food and drink",
"word": "wainamu"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "lol",
"lang": "Mongo",
"lang_code": "lol",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "kila"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstinere"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avholde seg"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avstå"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "forbūgan"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "powstrzymywać się"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "powstrzymać się"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abster-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "privar-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abține"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "воздержа́ться (vozderžátʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "возде́рживаться (vozdérživatʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "suzdržávati"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "суздржа́вати"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "sustezati"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "сустезати"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "apstinírati"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "апстини́рати"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "si",
"lang": "Sinhalese",
"lang_code": "si",
"roman": "waḷakinawā",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "වළකිනවා"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "vzdržati se"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstenerse"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avhålla sig"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avstå"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "tyz",
"lang": "Tày",
"lang_code": "tyz",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "căm"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "utrýmuvatysja",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "утри́муватися"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "utrýmatysja",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "утри́матися"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 25 25 4 29 11",
"code": "wyi",
"lang": "Woiwurrung",
"lang_code": "wyi",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "nin'wilt-teni"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "jeṙnpah linel",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "ձեռնպահ լինել"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "qìquán",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "棄權 /弃权"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "zdržet se"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "afholde sig (fra at stemme)"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "zich onthouden (van stemming)"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "äänestää tyhjää"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "s'abstenir"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "sich enthalten"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "nimná",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "נמנע"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "tartózkodik"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "astenersi"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "tōhyō o kiken suru",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "投票を棄権する"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"lang_code": "lo",
"roman": "ngot ʼǭk sīang",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "ງົດອອກສຽງ"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "stemme blankt"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "wstrzymywać się"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "wstrzymać się"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "abster-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "vozdérživatʹsja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "возде́рживаться"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "vozderžátʹsja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "воздержа́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "apstinírati"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "апстини́рати"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "uzdr̀žati"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "abstenerse"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "lägga ned sin röst"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "röstskolka"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "งดออกเสียง"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "utrýmuvatysja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "утри́муватися"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "utrýmatysja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "утри́матися"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 32 32 0 27 6",
"code": "za",
"lang": "Zhuang",
"lang_code": "za",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "vutgienz"
}
],
"word": "abstain"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "keabstainan"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fro",
"4": "la"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "en",
"3": "abstain"
},
"expansion": "English abstain",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English abstain.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "abstein",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "abstain",
"name": "id-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"abs‧tain"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"abs‧tain"
]
}
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "id",
"name": "Politics",
"orig": "id:Politics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "14 4 4 15 21 22 18 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 2 2 16 24 20 20 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to abstain (to deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present)"
],
"id": "en-abstain-id-verb-9Fz6SjDj",
"links": [
[
"politics",
"politics"
],
[
"abstain",
"abstain#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(politics) to abstain (to deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present)"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "id",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "id:Medicine",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to abstain (to fast, diet)"
],
"id": "en-abstain-id-verb-3f9dbR6D",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"abstain",
"abstain#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(formal, rare, medicine) to abstain (to fast, diet)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "puasa"
}
],
"tags": [
"formal",
"rare"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/absˈtain/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Indonesian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[absˈt̪a.ɪn]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Indonesian"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ain"
}
],
"word": "abstain"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with etymon",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ten-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₂epó",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Requests for review of West Frisian translations",
"Rhymes:English/eɪn",
"Rhymes:English/eɪn/2 syllables",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bangi translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gothic translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Lao translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Lingala translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Mongo translations",
"Terms with Māori translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Old English translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Sinhalese translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Tày translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with West Frisian translations",
"Terms with Woiwurrung translations",
"Terms with Zhuang translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "abstainable"
},
{
"word": "abstainer"
},
{
"word": "abstainment"
},
{
"word": "abstention"
},
{
"word": "nonabstaining"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:absteynen"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"away from\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"from, away from\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂ep\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-o\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂epó\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ap\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ab\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ab-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"hold; restrain\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*tn̥eh₁yéti\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ten-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*tenēō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"teneō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"abstineō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"abstenir\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"absteynen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"abstain\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"abstain\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ten-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "absteynen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English absteynen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "astenir"
},
"expansion": "Old French astenir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "abstineō",
"4": "",
"5": "to hold oneself back"
},
"expansion": "Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested around 1380. From Middle English absteynen, absteinen, abstenen, from Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“to hold”). See also tenable.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "abstains",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "abstaining",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "abstained",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "abstained",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "glossary",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "abstain",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "abstain",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abstained",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abstain",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abstainest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abstained",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abstainedst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "abstains",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "abstaineth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "abstained",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "abstain",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "abstained",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "abstain",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "abstained",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "abstain",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "abstaining",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "abstained",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "abstain (third-person singular simple present abstains, present participle abstaining, simple past and past participle abstained)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "abstemious"
},
{
"word": "abstinence"
},
{
"word": "abstinent"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"attestations": [
{
"date": "Attested from around 1350 to 1470 until the mid 16ᵗʰ century.",
"references": []
}
],
"categories": [
"English reflexive verbs",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"Keep or withhold oneself."
],
"links": [
[
"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles",
"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary"
],
[
"Oxford University Press",
"w:Oxford University Press"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, reflexive, obsolete) Keep or withhold oneself."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"reflexive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"attestations": [
{
"date": "First attested around 1350 to 1470.",
"references": []
}
],
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
47,
54
]
],
"text": "In order to improve his health, Rob decided to abstain from smoking.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
12
]
],
"ref": "1597, Shakespeare, Richard II, II-i:",
"text": "Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "22 May 1948, United Nations, Security Council Resolution 49",
"text": "The Security Council […] calls upon all Governments and authorities, without prejudice to the rights, claims or positions of the parties concerned, to abstain from any hostile military action in Palestine and to that end to issue a cease-fire order to their military and paramilitary forces"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence."
],
"links": [
[
"Refrain",
"refrain"
],
[
"indulgence",
"indulgence"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"attestations": [
{
"date": "First attested around 1350 to 1470.",
"references": []
}
],
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
23,
30
]
],
"ref": "1913, Marie Adelaide Belloc Lowndes, The Lodger:",
"text": "… she had made Bunting abstain very early in their acquaintance. … Glad she was now that he had taken the pledge as a younger man; but for that nothing would have kept him from the drink during the bad times they had gone through.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.",
"To refrain from drinking alcohol."
],
"links": [
[
"Refrain",
"refrain"
],
[
"indulgence",
"indulgence"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.",
"To refrain from drinking alcohol."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"attestations": [
{
"date": "First attested around 1350 to 1470.",
"references": []
}
],
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Fast (not eat for a period)."
],
"links": [
[
"Fast",
"fast"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, obsolete) Fast (not eat for a period)."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"attestations": [
{
"date": "First attested around 1350 to 1470.",
"references": []
}
],
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
9
]
],
"text": "I abstain from this vote, as I have no particular preference.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
48,
55
]
],
"ref": "1913, Thomas Babington Macaulay, A Short History of English Liberalism:",
"text": "[…]forcing a small portion of the population to abstain from voting",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
],
"links": [
[
"vote",
"vote"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"attestations": [
{
"date": "Attested from the early 16ᵗʰ century until the mid 17ᵗʰ century.",
"references": []
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
11,
18
]
],
"ref": "1645, John Milton, Tetrachordon: Expositions on the four chief places in Scripture:",
"text": "Whether he abstain men from marying [sic].",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hinder; keep back; withhold."
],
"links": [
[
"Hinder",
"hinder"
],
[
"withhold",
"withhold"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, obsolete) Hinder; keep back; withhold."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əbˈsteɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əbˈsteɪn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/æbˈsteɪn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abstain.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪn"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "abjure"
},
{
"word": "deny oneself"
},
{
"word": "forbear"
},
{
"word": "forgo"
},
{
"word": "give up"
},
{
"word": "refrain"
},
{
"word": "relinquish"
},
{
"word": "withhold"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "imtanaʕa",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "اِمْتَنَعَ"
},
{
"code": "bni",
"lang": "Bangi",
"lang_code": "bni",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "kila"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "văzdăržam se",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "въздържам се"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstenir-se"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "bìmiǎn",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "避免"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "jièchú",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "戒除"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "qìquán",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "棄權 /弃权"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "zdržet se"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "afholde sig"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "afstå"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"english": "van",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"translation": "van",
"word": "zich onthouden"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstineren"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstini"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "kieltäytyä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "pidättäytyä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "s'abstenir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "verzichten"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"lang_code": "got",
"roman": "gaþarban",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "hitnazér",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "התנזר"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "nimná",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "נמנע"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "tartózkodik"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "(meg)tartóztatja magát"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"lang_code": "io",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstenar"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "astenersi"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "tsutsushimu",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "慎む"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "sashihikaeru",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "差し控える"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstineo"
},
{
"code": "ln",
"lang": "Lingala",
"lang_code": "ln",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "kila"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Māori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "papare"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Māori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "pare"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"english": "refers to food and drink",
"lang": "Māori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"translation": "refers to food and drink",
"word": "wainamu"
},
{
"code": "lol",
"lang": "Mongo",
"lang_code": "lol",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "kila"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstinere"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avholde seg"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avstå"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "forbūgan"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "powstrzymywać się"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "powstrzymać się"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abster-se"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "privar-se"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abține"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "воздержа́ться (vozderžátʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "возде́рживаться (vozdérživatʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "suzdržávati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "суздржа́вати"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "sustezati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "сустезати"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "apstinírati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "апстини́рати"
},
{
"code": "si",
"lang": "Sinhalese",
"lang_code": "si",
"roman": "waḷakinawā",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "වළකිනවා"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "vzdržati se"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstenerse"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avhålla sig"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avstå"
},
{
"code": "tyz",
"lang": "Tày",
"lang_code": "tyz",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "căm"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "utrýmuvatysja",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "утри́муватися"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "utrýmatysja",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "утри́матися"
},
{
"code": "wyi",
"lang": "Woiwurrung",
"lang_code": "wyi",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "nin'wilt-teni"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "jeṙnpah linel",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "ձեռնպահ լինել"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "qìquán",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "棄權 /弃权"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "zdržet se"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "afholde sig (fra at stemme)"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "zich onthouden (van stemming)"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "äänestää tyhjää"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "s'abstenir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "sich enthalten"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "nimná",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "נמנע"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "tartózkodik"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "astenersi"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "tōhyō o kiken suru",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "投票を棄権する"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"lang_code": "lo",
"roman": "ngot ʼǭk sīang",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "ງົດອອກສຽງ"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "stemme blankt"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "wstrzymywać się"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "wstrzymać się"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "abster-se"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "vozdérživatʹsja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "возде́рживаться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "vozderžátʹsja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "воздержа́ться"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "apstinírati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "апстини́рати"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "uzdr̀žati"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "abstenerse"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "lägga ned sin röst"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "röstskolka"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "งดออกเสียง"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "utrýmuvatysja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "утри́муватися"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "utrýmatysja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "утри́матися"
},
{
"code": "za",
"lang": "Zhuang",
"lang_code": "za",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "vutgienz"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "forhindre"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "verhinderen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "estää"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West-Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "keare"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West-Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "behinderje"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West-Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "ferhinderje"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "abhalten"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Māori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "tāwhi"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Māori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "tātāwhi"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "forhindre"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "impedir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "abstener"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "hindra"
}
],
"word": "abstain"
}
{
"categories": [
"Indonesian 3-syllable words",
"Indonesian defective verbs",
"Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"Indonesian lemmas",
"Indonesian terms borrowed from English",
"Indonesian terms derived from English",
"Indonesian terms derived from Latin",
"Indonesian terms derived from Middle English",
"Indonesian terms derived from Old French",
"Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Indonesian verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/ain",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/ain/3 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "keabstainan"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fro",
"4": "la"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "en",
"3": "abstain"
},
"expansion": "English abstain",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English abstain.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "abstein",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "abstain",
"name": "id-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"abs‧tain"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"abs‧tain"
]
}
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"id:Politics"
],
"glosses": [
"to abstain (to deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present)"
],
"links": [
[
"politics",
"politics"
],
[
"abstain",
"abstain#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(politics) to abstain (to deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present)"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Indonesian formal terms",
"Indonesian terms with rare senses",
"id:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"to abstain (to fast, diet)"
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"abstain",
"abstain#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(formal, rare, medicine) to abstain (to fast, diet)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "puasa"
}
],
"tags": [
"formal",
"rare"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/absˈtain/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Indonesian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[absˈt̪a.ɪn]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Indonesian"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ain"
}
],
"word": "abstain"
}
Download raw JSONL data for abstain meaning in All languages combined (28.4kB)
{
"called_from": "page/2530",
"msg": "skipping string in the middle of translations: </table></div></div>\n\n",
"path": [
"abstain"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "abstain",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "abstain/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"lang_code\": \"ru\", \"note\": \"воздержа́ться (vozderžátʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "abstain",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "abstain/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"lang_code\": \"ru\", \"note\": \"возде́рживаться (vozdérživatʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"]}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "abstain",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.